In cybernetics, feedback refers to the process by which an organism modifies its behavior after receiving information about the system. This principle is fundamental in the study of dynamic systems, where feedback can be positive – amplifying a system’s response – or negative – attenuating a system’s response. The system’s response after a behavior, in turn, constitutes feedback for the organism. For an organism, observing the system’s feedback from its own actions leads to superior learning compared to zero learning.
In the context of psychotherapy, feedback translates into how a therapist, through their behavior in response to client feedback, can help the client recognize dysfunctional patterns or reflect on their own behaviors. For example, silence can be a negative feedback, while positive feedback can reinforce positive outcomes and progress.
In family therapy, the process of feedback is crucial for understanding relational dynamics within the family system. Each family member provides signals about their feelings and behaviors, creating a cycle of interactions that influence the group’s functioning. Through the observation and analysis of feedback, the therapist helps the family identify dysfunctional patterns and explore new ways of communicating. Every change made by one family member generates feedback in the others. For this reason, systemic psychotherapists recommend family therapy if an individual lives in close contact with their family members – e.g., cohabitation or symbiotic relationships. Integrating feedback into the therapeutic process is therefore often crucial for promoting and facilitating significant changes within the family.
Dr. Francesco Santini 